SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITIES OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN URBAN AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN AN GIANG, VIETNAM
Keywords:
An Giang, coliforms, organic pollution, residential areas, urban areas
Abstract
This study aims to assess the surface water quality in both residential areas and urban areas in An Giang Province from 2011 to 2019. Thirteen locations were selected with eight water quality variables at each location;
which were temperature, pH, nitrate (NO3--N), total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), coliforms, and total oil and grease were collected. Surface water quality data were compared with the Vietnamese standards. Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis
(PCA) were applied to determine the sampling locations and water variables affecting water quality in the residential and urban areas. The results showed that the parameters of temperature, pH, and NO3- - N were within the allowable limits - while TSS, BOD, COD, coliforms, and total oil and grease exceeded the permitted limit. The results of CA indicated that 13 sampling points could be reduced to 8, saving nearly 40% of the water quality monitoring costs which could be provided the cost for water treatment of water bodies. PCA revealed that at least three sources of pollution could explain 83.7% of the water quality fluctuations. The main sources that affected surface water quality in residential and urban areas could be wastewater, solid wastes, stormwater runoff, and other hydrological factors. Further studies need to investigate and curb the sources of water pollution. It is urgently required to build a system of waste collection and treatment in this study area and at the same time raise public awareness about environmental protection.
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References
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[34] Ut VN, Loan NB, Giang HT, Oanh DTH, Lien NTK,
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District, Ben Tre. Final report on ministerial-level
projects; 2013.
[35] Fataei E and Shiralipoor S. Evaluation of Surface
Water Quality Using Cluster Analysis: A Case Study.
World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences. 2011;3:
366–370.
[36] Chowdhury S, Zahrani M. Water quality change in
dam reservoir and shallow aquifer: analysis on trend,
seasonal variability and data reduction. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2014;186(10): 6127–6143.
[37] Giao NT. Spatial variations of surface water quality
in Hau Giang province, Vietnam using multivariate
statistical techniques. Environment and Natural Resources Journal. 2020;18(4): 400–410.
2019.
[2] Son N.T, Thang N.P. Potentials for developing agritourism in An Giang Province. Journal of Ho Chi
Minh City University of Science. 2014;63: 82–89.
[3] Tuan LA, Wyseure G, Viet LH, Haest PJ. Water
Quality Management forIrrigation in the Mekong
river Delta, Vietnam. International Conference on
Agricultural Engineering. Leuven. Belgium. 2004.
[4] Herbst S, Benedikter S, Koester U, Phan N, Berger
C, Rechenburg A, Kistemann T. Perceptions of Water, Sanitation and Health: a Case Study from the
Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Water Science & Technology. 2009;60(3): 699–707.
[5] Garschagen M, Diez JR, Nhan DK, Kraas F. SocioEconomic Development in the Mekong Delta: Between the Prospects for Progress and the Realms of
Reality. In: Renaud F, Kuenzer C (eds). The Mekong
Delta System. Springer Environmental Science and
Engineering. Springer; 2012.
[6] Nhan DK, Be NV, Trung NH. Water use and competition in the mekong Delta. In Chalenges to sustainable development in the Mekong delta: regional and
national policy issues and research needs. Sumernet;
2007. 143–188.
[7] Feng H, Han XF, Zhang WG, Yu LZ. A preliminary
study of heavy metal contamination in Yangtze river
intertidal zone due to urbanization. Marine Pollution
Bulletin. 2004;49: 910–915
[8] Yin ZY, Walcott S, Kaplan B, Cao J, Lin WQ, Chen
MJ, Liu DS, Ning YM. An analysis of the relationship
between spatial patterns of water quality and urban
development in Shanghai, China. Environment and
Urban Systems. 2005;29: 97–221.
[9] Z. Tang Z, Engel BA, Pijanowski BC, Lim KJ.
Forecasting land use change and its environmental
impact at a watershed scale. Journal of Environmental
Management. 2005;76: 35–45.
[10] Herb WR, Janke B, Mohseni O, Stefan HG. Thermal
pollution of streams by runoff from paved surfaces.
Hydrological Process. 2008;22(7): 987–999.
[11] Freeman PL, Schorr MS. Influence of watershed urbanization on fine sediment and macroinvertebrate assemblage characteristics in tennessee ridge and valley
streams. Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 2004;19(3):
353–362.
[12] Reale JK, Van Horn DJ, Condon KE, Dahm CN. The
effects of catastrophic wildfire on water quality along
a river continuum. Freshwater Science. 2015;34(4):
1426–1442.
[13] Lien NTK, Huy LQ, Oanh DTH, Phu TQ, Ut
VN. Water quality in mainstream and tributaries of
Hau river. Can Tho University Journal of Science.
2016;43: 68–79.
[14] Ly NHT, Giao NT. Surface water quality in canals in
An Giang Province, Viet Nam, from 2009 to 2016.
Journal of Vietnamese Environment. 2018;10(2):
113–119.
[15] Giao NT. Evaluating current water quality monitoring
system on Hau river, Mekong delta, Vietnam using
multivariate statistical technique. Journal of Applied
Environmental Research. 2020;42(1): 14–25.
[16] APHA, AWWA, WEF. Standard methods of for the
Examnination of Water and Wastewwater. 23rd edittion. American Public Health Association: Washington, DC, USA; 2017.
[17] Willet P. Recent trends in hierarchic document clustering: A critical review. Information Processing &
Management. 1988;24(5): 577–597.
[18] Helena R, Pardo M, Vega E, Barrado JM, Fernández
L. Temporal evolution of groundwater composition in
an alluvial aquifer (Pisuerga river, Spain) by principal component analysis. Water Research. 2000;34(3):
807–816.
[19] Feher IC, Zaharie M, Oprean I. Spatial and seasonal
variation of organic pollutants in surface water using
multi-variate statistical techniques. Water Science and
Technology. 2016 74: 1726–1735.
[20] Liu CW, Lin KH, Kuo YM. Application of factor
analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in
a Black-foot disease area in Taiwan. Science of the
Total Environment. 2003;313(1-3): 77–89.
[21] Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. National technical regulation on surface water quality
(QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT); 2015.
[22] Ongley ED. Chapter 12: Water Quality of the Lower
Mekong river. In: Campbell, I.C.(ed.). The Mekong:
Biophysical Environment of an International river
Basin. Montreal QC, Canada: Academic Press; 2009.
[23] Mekong river Commission. Annual water quality data
assessment report. MRC Technical Paper; 2015
[24] Truc DT, Phat PH, Nam NDG, Toan PV, Tri VPD.
The water surface quality of Tien river in the area
of Tan Chau District, An Giang Province. Journal of
Science Can Tho University. 2019;55: 53–60.
[25] Giao NT. Surface Water Quality in Aquacultural
Areas in An Giang Province, Vietnam. International
Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology. 2020;5(4): 1054–1061.
[26] Giao NT, Ai TTM, Nhien HTH. Evaluation of current
water use situation and water quality in Tan Thanh
Commune, Thoi Lai District, Can Tho City. Journal
of Natural Resources and Environment. 2020;30: 11–
30.
[27] Tuan DDA, Thu BA, Trung NH. Assessing quality of
surface water for urban water supply source for Soc
Trang City. Scientific Journal of Can Tho University.
2019;4A: 61–70.
[28] Giao NT. Surface water quality in the tributaries
adjacent to the Hau river in Can Tho City. Journal
of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2020.
[29] Giao NT and Nhien HTH. Evaluating Water Quality
Variation in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta Area
Using Cluster and Discriminant Analysis. Applied
Environmental Research. 2021;43(1): 14–27.
[30] Boyd CE. Water quality for pond Aquaculture.
Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures.
Auburn University: Alabama, USA; 1998.
[31] Phu TQ, Ut VN. Water quality for pond aquaculture.
Can Tho University; 2006.
[32] An Giang Statistics Office. An Giang Statistical Yearbook. Statistical Publishing House; 2019.
[33] Gebreyohannes F, Gebrekidan A, Hedera A, Estifanos
S. Investigations of Physico-Chemical Parameters and
its Pollution Implications of Elala river, Mekelle,
Tigray, Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science (MEJS). 2015;7(2): 240–257.
[34] Ut VN, Loan NB, Giang HT, Oanh DTH, Lien NTK,
Quoc NB, Ngoan NV, Hoa AV, Tu PTC. Study on
measures to limit the growth of Limnoperna fortunei
living on Cipangopaludina lecithoides in Cho Lach
District, Ben Tre. Final report on ministerial-level
projects; 2013.
[35] Fataei E and Shiralipoor S. Evaluation of Surface
Water Quality Using Cluster Analysis: A Case Study.
World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences. 2011;3:
366–370.
[36] Chowdhury S, Zahrani M. Water quality change in
dam reservoir and shallow aquifer: analysis on trend,
seasonal variability and data reduction. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2014;186(10): 6127–6143.
[37] Giao NT. Spatial variations of surface water quality
in Hau Giang province, Vietnam using multivariate
statistical techniques. Environment and Natural Resources Journal. 2020;18(4): 400–410.
Published
28-December-2021
How to Cite
1.
Nguyen G. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITIES OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN URBAN AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN AN GIANG, VIETNAM. journal [Internet]. 28Dec.2021 [cited 22Dec.2024];11(45):69-. Available from: https://journal.tvu.edu.vn/tvujs_old/index.php/journal/article/view/785
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